The Politics of Murder, Violence and Terror: The Red Fascists and their record of violence in Kannur

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Kerala has earned for itself an unenviable reputations. Lazy "left Intellectuals" have labored to fabricate an image of Kerala as a progressve, socially inclusive and vibrant state. In reality the picture is vastly different. Recent events such as the fire bombing of the pregnant elephant and the inability of the Pinrayi regime to arrest the ciminals reponsible has dented the caefully cultivated image and more recently, the Gold Smuggling case in which Pinrayi's close aides are said to be involved as further dented the already sagging image. The astonishing level of political violence is the elephant i the room which the ideologically charged lazy left intelletuals who write for Frontline and EPW are reluctant to even admit. Fortunately one of them has come out with a book n this very theme. Redrocity or Left Atrocity is hardly a new phenomenon and those who are familiar with the record of Lenin, Stalin, their ne tim ally Hitler, Mao or Pol Pot will admit that violence is the only language that the Left knows and deploys for political advantage. India has experienced Redrocity in West Bengal n the Naxalite Belt and Kannur in Kerala has become a byword, a metaphor for violence as grand political spectacle.

N P Ullekh, the author, is the son of P Gopalan, a Marxist leader from the very heartland of political killing, th badlands of Kannur. Though he writes with deep sympathy for the marxists, he is honest enough to document in unrelenting detail the gyre of violence in Kannur. Even as I write this, the morning newspaper carried yet another news report relating to yet another victim of the Marxists' quest for total political domination over Kannur. What is truly disturbing is the nexus between the marxists and Muslim gangs operating under various Jihadi banners. Marxists to maintain their "secular" image outsource murder to muslims groups who can be tapped for undertaking such crimes partly motivated by ideological considerations and partly for money. Attacks on RSS workers or BJP workers by DYFI or SFI thugs is a routine affair in Kannur and what is particularly interesting is that such events have been taking palce since 1969. The brutal murder of Shri Vadikkal Ramakrishnan on April 28, 1969 inaugurated a cycle of violence and the state is yet to be free of its aftermath.

The head of the marxist regime currently in place in Kerala, Pinrayi Vijayan was one of the accused in the murder and as in the case of the murder of Sisiter Abhaya, the trial ended up acquitting all the nine accused inculding Vijayan on the ground of iadequate evidence. Interestingly Stephy and her partner in crime were also given the benefit of doubt on the same grounds in two earlier trials. As attempt at reopening this case has not succeeded and all papers relating to the murder in 1969 have conveniently disappeared. Ullekh uses a nice euphemism and calls Vijayan's brand of politics "muscular" when the more appropriate term would undoubtdly be Fascist.

Like Stalin, Pol Pot and Mao the commisars of Kannur too beleive that Marx' theory of "class struggle" demands an unswerving adherence to murder and mayhem. Kodeyari Balakrishan another of the muscular faces of Red Fascism in Kannur had more than once spoken of the ease with which political opponents were eliminated  in Kerala. And all these self confessed crimes have gone unpunished. The author has cited several cases in which marxists leaders justified the killing of political workers. Leaders like Sashi quoted by the author seem to have gangs of killes whom they despatched to kill or threaten political opponents. One reason for the crude resort to violence is the fact that marxists seem to be on the whole undereducated and eductional institutions in Kerala are only boot camps for marxist cadres. As a teacher in a central university, I can say that youth are easily incited and the lack of a critical sense to disaggregate fact from propaganda is a part of the problem and marxists find it convenient to have an army of slogan shouting zombies to further their political ends.

The author has advanced an interesting theory to account for the unrelenting violence in Kannur.  The area with a large Chekavar preesence has just the right social mileu for caste tension, a glimpse of which can be caught in the bardic compositions of Northrn Kerala. The Chekavars were armed muscl men of the Nairs who lorded over the area prior to the raids of Tipu Sultan in the eighteenth century, when large scae dispossession of landed property took place. The kudippakka (vendetta) songs extolling cultivated vengence over several generations keep the memories of old conflicts fresh in the collective memory and plitical activists in the form of "peope's theatre" are at hand to stir up a heady brew of class conflict and vengeful landlords from the thin wisps of folk legends. And post colonial "historians" are now at hand to give academic legitimacy to such an idelogically mariated version of the past. Marxist historians as the author points out were encouraged by the congress as a tacit bagain for political support. Such opportunism is of course secular politics.

The author while accpeting the fact that the Maxist faction and its leaders like Vijayan, Raghavan and Govindan Master are votaries of violence in defence of the Kannur fiefdom, argues that it was the Cngress that began the cycle of violence and if that is so there is a lesson to be learnt here. Violence is a sure sign that the cadre is unsure of its moorings and it is therefore not surprising that the congress is losing ground as the recent local elections showed. The same fate awits the Red Fascists too. The marxist faction is particularly prone to gratuitous violence and the auhor has more than proved this point.

Having read this book, I can say that it is an honest attempt at explaining the Redrocity called Kannur. Te slaying of Jayakrishnann Master, a school teacher, in front of a class room of young students shows how despicable the politics of the marxists has become.

Tatya Tope's Operation Red Lotus: History as Memory

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Tatya Tope's Operation Red Lotus

Prayag Tope

New Delhi Rupa,2010

History is a curious discipline. As Alice in Wonderland remarked, Memory works only backwards. If only Historians have the luxury of retrofitting events that happened into a predetermined pattern, then all history will become ever so predictable. And this teleology is the most striking weakness of the so called Marxist view of History which imposes a predetermined pattern upon the past. And the book under review, though a welcome departure from the innane certainities of contemporary Historiography, attempts to rehabilitate the reputation and achievements of the great leader, Tatya Tope, during the momentous 1857 Rebellion by making his participation central to the entire History of 1857. This interpretation i of course highly exaggerated but by highlighting the contribution of Tatya Tope a long needed corrective has been introduced.

Parag Tope, obviously a descendent of the leader of 1857 has argued that Tatya Tope organised the entire Rebellion and the circulation of lotus stems and chappatis is proof of his organizational skill. The Lotus stems, he argues was circulated to Sepoy battalions all over North India in order to gauge the probable strenght of the East India Company and its discontented sepoys. And the chappatis were circulated to alert villagers about the need for preparing and stocking provisions for the rebel troops. This line of interpretation may ber plausible, but does not necessarily support the argument that recruitment, logistics and strategy were in the hands of Tatya Tope. Nana Saheb did possess immense organizational ability and a vision of Statecraft extending beyond the limits of the Mahratta Confederation. The manner in which the author has discussed the Kanpur Massacre and the Bibi Ghar incident in commendable. There is no doubt that the Sepoys unlike the English soldiers did not  believe in targetting women and children and the tragic episode was largely the result of the indiscriminate killings of civilians undertaken by General Havelock and General Neill.

Prayag Tope has brought into the discussion important aspects of the economy of India as it slid into abyss of British rule. He rightlly emphasises the "racial" and "ethnic" underpinnings of British ideology of domination which ultimately led to the treatment of Indians as sub humans and the Sepoys of North India, as did the Sepoys of Vellore fifty years earlier realised. Much has been written about Awadh and the loot of the rich province right from the time of Warren Hastings. Here the emphasis is on the deliberate and sustained attack on the traditional economy of India: Cotton and Iron. He has pointed out that the loot from India was behind the Industrial Revolution and in this Parag Tope is absolutely right. It is well known now that after the acquisition of the Diwani Rights over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, the income of the Company by way of taxation was nearly 65 million pounds,a  sizeable percentage of the National Income of England/Britain.

The book is based on the premise that History has to fall into a pattern in order for it to be intelligible. Unfortunately the evidence of Tatya Tope presiding over an elaborate Rebel Administration which the Mughal Procalmation giving his regime a semblence of legitimacy, is thin. The letters written in Urdu on which this argument is based raises the question: whu Urdu and not Mahrathi in Modi script as was the practice during the heyday of Mahratta Supremacy in the eighteenth century, about which we are learning so much due to the stalwart effotrs of Dr. Uday Kulkarni. 

Parag Tope has rightly drawn attention to the horrendous price paid by India. The crimes of Havelock and Neill in killing people all along the infamous march from Allahabad or Prayag to Lucknow contributed to India being defeated and the Rebels lost access to food and shelter. The deliberate policy of burning village and hanging people contributed to a loss of morale and it seems that India was maimed as a consequence. And one historical fact needs to be highlighted. General Neill brought with him the Madras Fusiliers and much of the fighting was done by Tamil and Telugu speaking soldiers. This fact need not be hidded as History is an engasgment with Truth.

I enjoyed reading the book. However as History it leaves certain questions behind.

Venkatesa Suprabhatam: The Song that awakens the Lord

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Venkatesa Supbrabhatan: The Story of India's Most Popular Prayer

Benkatash Parthasarathy

New Delhi: Westland Publications, 2020

There is hardly anyone in South India who hasd not heard the lilting sould stirring Venkteasa Subprabhatam rendered and sung in the most melodious voice by M S Subhalakshmi. Composed in the fifteenth century byPrativadi Bhayankara Anna this song has now become the ubiquitous hymn for Vishnu in his upa avatara as Venkatesvara, the Lord of the Tirumula Hills. This book is an interesting account of the song and its cultural and religious context. The author has done a good job in tracing the theological and philosophical background of Vaishnavism in the post Ramanuja epoch (1017-1137). My Grandmother could recite the entire Suprabhatam and her day started with a prayer to Venktesvara of Timumala Tirupathi. And this book is a good introduction to those who have heard the song and wondered what it signified.

Sri Vaihnava religion is predicated upon the belief that Vishnu the Supreme and to be worthy of prapthi or Salvation the Grace of the Lord is important and the Grace can be acquired through prayer and meditation as well as by leading a worthy and sinless life. But the grace or benediction is entirely left to Vishnu/Perumal/ Mayon. He can grant it at his pleasure and hence the two famous Schools which sees Garce asa product of our effort and the other which recognizes only the will and pleasure of the Lord of Vaikunta. From a very early period, Tirumal Hills were associated with  the worship of Mayon or Vishnu and is one of the 108 divya desham of the Sri Vaihnava tradition. And in Tondaimandalam of the medeival Tamil region, Tirumala Hills remained as important in sanctity as Kanchipuram and Sriperunbadur, the birth palce of Ramanuja. The hymns of the Alzhwars are rich in poetic expressions of immense passion towards the Deity and the language in which this devation was expressed freely drew from the corpus of early bardic composition, especially from the akam genre of poems. Andal, the poet of Srivilliputtur about whom the great king of Vijayanagara wrote in his Amuktamaldaya is the mast note votary of of Passion though poetic imagery and metaphor. The composer of the Suprabhatam drew from this rich repetoire of philosophical and religious texts.

The interesting feature of the rituals performed in the temple is that it maintained the circardian rhythm of a human. The Lord wakes up in the morning to the melody of the Suprabhatam and all the rituals mimic the activities of a human. Thus the importance of Prasada or cooked food offered to the God as talligai. From the reign of Saluva Narashima, the sale of prasada became an important feaure of the activities of the temple. Throughout the Vijayanagara period, Temple ritual was carried out on the basis of the Vaikhanasa tradition, unlike the panchratra tradition in the other graet Sri Vaishnava shrine, Srirangam Devalaya of Ranganatha.

This book tries to explain in a simple manner the complex set of ideas and concepts that are buit into this famous poem an d even the reference to antaryami is beautifully explained.  I enjoyed reading this book. Though it was rather thin on the History, both intellectual and political, of the Sri vaishnava shrine, this book must be read by all those who beleive that the Grace of Venkatesva is necessary for their earthy and spiritual well being.

Zosa Szajkowski and the Theft of History: Identity, Historiography and the Holocaust

A look at the world of politics, statecraft, diplomacy and books

The tragic history of Zoza Szajkowski (1911-1978) is many ways the story of a Historian, Chronicler or even a Memory Keeper who learnt or drew the wrong lessons from his own life experiences. The subject of a full lenght monographic study by Lisa Leff, Szajkowski, a Jew displaced from Europe who migrated to Paris as a young boy with his parents and siblings only to see all his close relatives die in the German concentration camps. The Holocaust took a terrible toll both in lives and in the capacity of the human mind to remember its horrors. And Zoza decided, for good or for evil, that the cultural treasures of Judaica in Europe are not safe and USA is the land that could protect Jewish Histrical artifacts particularly documents, manuscripts, organized archival material and memorobilia.  And to that end he embarked on a proffession of crime, stealing historical material from Libraries, Archives and Institutions and selling them to some of the most prestigous Universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Brandeis and several Jewish Institutions in Israel and New York.

The Holocaust offers a contranst between two distinct approaches to History. Raul Hilberg in his monumental, Destruction of the European Jews following the trend of Franz Nuemann appraoched the study of the systematic extermination of Jews and several other peoples and groups from the perpetrators set of institutions and in the course of 3 huge volumes succeeded in bringing the unspeakable into the light of History. The documents when placed in the right set of historical frameworks and stuctures speak eloquently. Indian histrorians, being ideologues rather than trained historins, seldom follow such an example and so we have drivel marinated in post colonial garbage masquerading as serious history. They must learn   a lesson from Raul Hilberg. Another approach is the collection of Testimonies of Eye Witnesses particularly of those who survived the extermination camps. Testimonies offered a set of sources that enabled the historian to prove the "Collective Guilt" imposed on the Germans after World War I. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners is a good example of the second approach. Here it is better to be a hedgehog rather than a fox. The War against the Jewish Population of Europe resulted in an almost total destruction of the collective and communal life lived by the Jews in Poland, Ukraine, Hungary and France. It is in the middle of this destructive war that Zosa Szajkowski decided that he could rescue Jewish Cultural Property and smuggle it to safety in the US.play his chosen role as the Saviour of Jewish Heritage. The Germans had looted Synaggues, Homes Libraries and Museums of books, manuscripts, records and documents. Zosa who arrived in Paris as a GI and with the ability to speak read write French Yiddish and German was tasked with the job of dealing with documents and cultural treasures left behind by the fleeing German Army. And seeing the horrors of the Holocaust he decided to appropriate the documents books and artifacts and sent them to US. Obviously the US Army and the Occupational Forces and their authorities winked, if not colluded with this dubious export of what Zosa thought were ownerless art and other objects of high cutural value.

After his return to USA he continued to make periodical visits to France and embarked on a serious career as an "archive thief". In 1961 he was caught red handed in Strausbourg but was allowed to escape. And in 1978 he was once again caught this time in New York Public Library and was handed over to the plice. Two days later he died by suicide taking all his secrets with him to the grave.

The life of Zosa obviously raises certain vital questions. Were the Institutions which bought the stolen documents complicit in the crime? Did he steal the documents as an act of defiance against the crimes committed against the Jews and wanted the memory of the Chosen People to be preserved? Does extreme identification with a religious or ethnic group innures the Historian to cerain ethical question about the purpose of writing History? Did Zosa in his own warped fashion anticipate the recrudesence of antisemitism in Europe and North America making exiles f the Jews nce again. Bth in USA and Europe there are definite signs of the revival of anti semeticism. The answers to these questions will never be known. The author has raised some of these questions in her fascinating study.

The post War confusion offered Zosa a number of opportunities to ransack and gather Jewish Cultural Material from Paris and other parts of France. To Zosa, a world that watched as he rationalized, silently as the European Jews were led to their death in German gas chambers will not hesitate to turn a blind eye should a similar ocassion arise and so the logic of Holocaust justified the unconventional route that he took. Be that as it may the rules governing the restitution of cultural property did not distinguish between Jewsa and other nationalities and there was every possiblity of the material belonging to dead Jews being returned back to the country of origin and this of course negated the whole tragedy of the Holocaust. While Raul Hilberg, the meticulous chronicler of the Sholah, was keen to answer the questin,how did Germany a modern western state transform itself into a murder organization, Zosa was not animated by large meta historical questions. His purpose was more immediate salvage as much as he could of the heritage still left and take it to USA which he felt was a safe zone. In a simialr manner, Leon Poliakov was intrumental in collectingGestapo records which came in useful as evidence in war crime trials which opened after the defeat of Germany.

This book makes a ood read. But there is the poignant tale of a dedicated scholars, historian, memory keeper going bad, horribly bad. Had USA treated him better coud the tale have been different. Who knows?

From Sacred Trash to Written History; The Cairo Geniza and the Historian

A look at the world of politics, statecraft, diplomacy and books

Abraham's Luggage: A Social Life f Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World by Elizabeth Lambourn is based on the India Letters found in the Geniza at Fusat in Old Cairo. Before dealing with this book, there is the facinating intellectual adventure relating to the discovery and decipherment of the records found in the Geniza, a place where any document or relic bearing the Hebrew paryer is deposited so that it is not defiled. It is an extremely salutary experience for an Indian historian like me who has worked on the Medieval History of South India to read about the great feat that lay behind the study of the Geniza Documents. The history of Israel has been a most tragic one particularly in the 20th Century when Germany perpetrated the horror of the Holocaust and it is no wonder that the study of the Jewish past/history became a passion for some historians, particularly S D Goitein whose magisterial history in five volumes the Mediterranean Society is the most elaborate and comprehensive analysis till date.

The Ben Erza Synagogue in Old Cairo is the place where it all began. Two twins, sisters, Agnes Lewis and Margret, while on a trip to the Sinai brought back to England some scraps of old documents to the leading scholar of Jewish theology and literature, Solomon Schechter, the Lecturer in Talmudic Studies at Cambridge. He at once regognized the fragments as being the oldest manuscript evidence of the Jewish prayer Ben Sira which Protestant critics of the Old Testament had dismissed as a compsition from the Second Temple Period roughly around the time of the Roman Empire. Solomon Schechter dismissed such interepretations stemmeing from the hermenutical method of Higher Criticism practiced in Germany and later in England as tinged with anti Semeticism as it denied the Prophetic Tradition underlying Jewish historiography, If a fragment of the ancient text could be broght tolight this controversey could be laid to rest. Off he went to Cairo and in 1896 when Cairo was under French and British political control, e succeeded in removing 190,000 documents from the Geniza nd transported them to the Univerity of Cambridge which hosts the worlds largest collection of these documents.

Soloman Schechter held Rabbnic Judaism in high esteem and was keen on studying early Jewish texts dealing with Ritual, Liturgy and Paryer. Indeed the early study of the Geniza was entirely devoted to Jewish liturgy and Ritual. Whlie the Geniza records written in Hebrew script and Arabic language contain a large number of documents dealing with Law, Social Customs, Contracts with Merchants and shipers, Marriage Contracts, Divorce settlements, Lists of Dowries,merchant correspondence etc, they facinated early Rabbanic scholars as they also ontained religious advice on such mundane issues as: Can Jews have sex  on Sabbath,? Can slave girls be laid? Questions that are quaint by today's standards but in an age infused with religion such questions were deeply meaningful. The Rabbis were audacious inventors of History and hence there was a great deal of real and imagined history in their religious opinions. Schechter was disdainful of the scholarship of his day and in a letter to a friend even said that Christian scholarship on the Nation of Israel is "higher anti semiticism". The same can be said of the scholarship from several white countries including USA which demean and humiliate an Old Civilization like India in rder to further their geo political ends and objectives. India Phobia is now the ruling idelogy of white Social Sciences. And in rejecting the Christian view, he was al negating the work of the Oxford School of Judaic studies. In the initial years of the 20th century, the Geniza was exploited almost entirely for textual criticism and for Talmudic sudies. Te turn to social and economic history came when S D Goitein entered the field.

S D Goitein (1900 -1985) like his more famous contemporary, Fernand Braudel studied the Mediterranean but from the Cairo end which was the refuge of Jews from Tunisia, Sicily, Spain and North Africa. Braudel's longue duree was his abstract division of time and temporality in the famous triptych of Geographical Time, Structural Time and Individual Time. S D Goitein measured time with the rhythym set by the fortunes of the Jewish people as they reponded to the challenges of the Reconquista, the Faimid Conquest, the Crusades and the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt. Each age brought its own set of challenges and the Geniza was a palimpsest inscribed with the trials of the moment. For a Historian who was a witness to the horrors of the Holocaust, the  medieval world would certainly appear more civilized and appealing and this perhaps expalins the fact that Goitein dedicated almost his entire life t the study of the Geniza. The last volume was published the day before he died in 1985. 

S D Goitein was a Monravian Jew who was educated in Hungary where he learnt Arabic, Hebrew and the Talmud from the leading scholars of his day and at the age of 24 he migrated to Israel. He taught at the Hebrew University and was considered for the post of Minister for ducation by that great hero, David Ben Gurion. The loss to the world of politics was certainly a fortune for the world of Historical Scholarship. Goitein in his methodology was a practioner of "thick description" one that brings the past alive by a close and systematic examination and analysis of empirical evidence, documents, arifacts, records etc. He was conscious of the position of jews as non muslims in an Islamic society: their life was full of "horror, dread and misery" and indigenus people f India can relate to this as India was under savage Mughal rule and before that the rule of the Turks and Afghans. The jews were dhimmis, peope of the Book unlike the indigenus people of India whose status was less than a dhimmi. Indian ideologues writing thie Party sponsored fairy tales for their faithful ignore the horrendous suffering of the indigenous people and of course, India cannot have a Historian of such towering eminence as S D Goitein.

The document on the left is the one that started S D Goitein on his life long intellectual adventure. This is the document which Elizabeth Lambourn analyses in her rather turgid post colonial cultural materialist exposition on the List of items of Luggage carried by Abraham from the coast of Mangalore back to Egypt after a stay of eleven long years in India. He must have landed on the Aabian Sea coast crossed the Desert and then sailed down the Nile to reach Cairo. In all he discovered 21 fragments in all which he published in his book on the India Trade and Indian ideologues use these documents to speak of the Cosmopolitan arena of the Malabar and the Indian Ocean. This trade with Malabar was in the hands of Tunisian merchants who lived in Egypt and traded with ports all alonf the Arabian Sea coast. This particular letter belongs to the 11th century when good commerical relations existed between India and the Red Sea. In a moment of epihany almost like that of Gibbon, Goitein writes: The idea for this book was conceived by me on September 17, 1954 while in Oxford, searching the treasure of the Bodleian Library. Soon he realized that the Indian trade was part of the larger commercial nexus radiating from the Mediterranen Sea and hence he had to venture far into the North African Mediterranean, not too distant fom that of Phillip II. 

This trader ran a bronze factory at Mangalore and ran what appears from the documents a successful venture. The Geniza Records display a wide variety of scripts, languages and scribal skills. An interesting feature was the durability of the documents. There were sveral instances when douments whose primary text lay in the 9th or 10th century contained writing from 2 or even 3 centuries later. Since paper was scarce, old documents continued to be used long after theyhad server their primary purpose. Therefore the Geniza was not an archive. It was merely the place where documents were shifted without the thought of reuse. Goitein was a firm believer in Israel and its Destiny and was therefore an honest historian not given to distortions like South Asian "historians" for whom the past is only a political artifact. He said; I regard my work as that of a Histrian and philologist not that of expounder of socio economic or political theories".

There cannot be a more searing indictment of Marxian pretentions than this statement.

Part II will deal with Abraham's Luggage

Delhi Riots 2020: A Chronicle and a Searing Indictment

A look at the world of politics, statecraft, diplomacy and books

The series of riots in Delhi 2019 to Febuary 22nd to 14th centering around the Act passed by Parliament, the ammendment to the Citizenship Act, is extensively documented in this short and well documented book written by three women who call themselves, a Group of Intellectuals. This is a welcome step in the right direction as Riots are nt documented and hence a fake narrative soon replaces the real sequence of events and the White Media is ever keen to misreport and misrepresent the events making victims the villians, the perpetrators of violence the heroes or sheroes, and completely distort the rea;ity in order to further the agenda f hostile countries/societies. In recent years, the Western Media particularly the American Media which once enjoyed an enviable reputation for fair reporting has now degenerated into an agenda driven woke inspired propaganga machine of almost Orwellian dimensions.

The authors rightly start with the genesis of the riots which they trace to the concerted, organized and deliberate infiltration of anti Indian propaganda into a purely domestic matter which has been hanging fire since 1947. The Partition in 1947, hasty, brutal, ill conceived and anarchic was imposed on India by Jawaharlal Nehru and Mountbatten. In the violence that followed Jawaharlal Nehru's Tryst with Destiny, at least 3 to 4 million Hindus and Sikhs were killed and many more displaced. The Prime Minister of Pakistan and of India agreed in the famous Liaqat-Nehru Pact to repatriate indigenous people still left in Pakistan. This became necessary as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was created exclusvely for Moslems while India true to its liberal ethos did not insist on an exchange of Population. Unfortunately over the years the indigenous people of India left behid in the "belly of the beast" have had enormous suffering imposed on them. Forced conversion, abduction of young women and girls, discrimination in employment, violence directed at community leaders, lack of edcational opportunities and the consequent ghettoization of the indigenous communities consisting largely of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhist, Jain and Christian. Even Christians, recognized as People of the Book, have been systematically persecuted under the draconian Anti Blasphemy Laws. Right from the time of Nehru the issue of granting relief to the indigenous people has been hanging fire and the BJP had promised the CAA not only in the 2014 Eletion Manifesto but also in 2019. In December 2019 the CAA was passed and in January 2020 it became Law after securing the assent of the President of India.

Deliberate concentrated and sustained propaganda was set afoot to incite Muslims all over India. The CAA was not designed to take the Citizenship away form Indian Muslims and though the educated ones were aware of this fact they deliberately colluded with ant Indian elements to propagate the view that Indian muslims would lose their Citizenship. Also the legal requirement of a verified National Population Register (NPR) which will be initiated soon was invoked as an assault of Mslems being equal citizens of  India. Unfortunately Moslem Identity Poltics which had its origin in the Khilafat Agitatin of 1921 and led to the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has not been countered effectively by the pabulum called Secularism. And since the time of Nehru successive Congress and non Congress regimes have incited Moslem Identity assertion and its accompanying baggage of victimhood to shepherd them into a reliable votng block, the infamous Vote Bank that political reporters speak of.

Against this background, the victory of the BJP twice in a row deeply affected the interests and offered a serious challenge to the self image of its so called intellectual elites who have lorded over the Academia, Media and the Entertainment world. The CAA provided just the pretext for a show of strength, the aar paar ki ladai as the leader f the Congress Party, Sonia Gandhi put it. A fight to end all fights would be a rough translation. The students of the Left leaning JNU, Moslem universities like JMI and AMU were mobilized and funds from Western countries and from the Middle East were pumped in to set the Riots in motion. For months from December 2019 Shaheen Bagh a predominantly Moslem area was virtually a no go zone much like the "liberated zones" of USA taken over by the Black Lives Matter agitators. Te Government of India showed enormous patience and did little to have the squatters evicted and in the Shaheen Bagh and many felt that the Gvernment of India has suddenly goe soft on the agitators. After the visit of President Trup was confirmed, the agitators started ramping up the agittion and scaling it up to draw the attention of the international/White Media.

The image reproduced on the left is an iconic image of the Shaheen Bagh Agitation. It shows a man firing at the police and there are several such images. In pursuit of one such violent gang the Delhi Police in a hot chase entered the seat of the agittion, the Jamia Milia Islamia University as the rioters had taken refuge there. And a pliant media was ready at hand to project that as an asssault on an "educational institution" and "ppor inncent students". Short heavily edited videos were circulated on the Social Media Platforms, particularly Telegram and WhattsApp to incite more violence. All these facts are ably brought out in the book.

The preparations for the violence was systematic, particularly in East Delhi. Tahir, a respected leader of the Moslems had organized acid, pistols, stones, gas cylinders, catpults and firearms on high rise buildings to attack the Police and one Intelleigence Officer Ankit Sharma was caputred and tortured by the molem supporters of Tahir for more than 7 hours before he was killed and his body dumped in a drain. (picture on the left).

The Delhi Riots were a terrible disaster that visited Delhi and on a smaller scale it had all the hallmarks of the 1984 anti Sikh Pogram organized by the Congress party under Rajiv Gandhi. There was considerable planning for violence, the core constituency was radicalized, weapons and arms gathered and the Foreigh Media was kept briefed about the events from the perspective of the rioters

This book is valuable contribution and it is a pity that a white male orgnizer of literary events who grandly calls himself a "historian" used the colour of his skin, white privilege, to ensure that this piece of credible documentation lies burried forever. It is a sign of the times that he did not succeed.

India in Edingurgh: 1750 to the Present Colonialism and Nationalism in Scotland A Critique

A look at the world of politics, statecraft, diplomacy and books

UK needs a museum of colonialism ... it’s being realistic about some of the really terrible things that happened in our past and teaching them to our children —@DalrympleWill
William Dalrymple, a journalist currently residing in in the "Orient", the same India that enriched his Scottish ancestors beyond their wildest dreams in the 18th century, pleads for, a "Museum of Colonialism", Just go to a Mirror and you have your Museum. For a member of a privileged colonial society to speak of Colonialism is not just graceless it is tinged with the very racism it seeks to excoriate, A Museum of Colonialism will only glorify the very essence of violence, racism and domination, that Colonialism represents by appropriating the language of criticism and political legitimacy by making indigenous people once more the objects of 'representational discourse" something that post colonial theory has been conniving at, for over two decades now and counting. We reject this ugly notion of a Museum of Colonialism as a means of rendering justice to over two hunderd years of unmitigated violence and tyranny.
Scottish historians have had a difficult task before them and Sir T M Devine exemplifies the difficulty in an honest manner, unlike William Dalrymple who seems quite ignorant of challenges faced by New Scottish Historiography which seeks to balance between imperial privilege enjoyed by Scotland after the Act of Union 1707 making it hugely prosperous within three decades of the Union and the inner tensions unleashed by that very Act. In short how is Scotland to account for its place in William Dalrymple's Museum of Colonialism. Was Scotland an Imperial power or merely an accessory to England's imperial enterprise. Imperial Historiography with its triumphalist flourish will find a new habitation in such exclusive spaces as Museums of Colonialism. And then is the question of Slavery and Slave Trade. The work of Catherine and Nicholas Draper have conclusively established Scottish presence in the Slave Trade, though the English Ports like Bristol and Liverpool handled more than 85% of the Slaving traffic. Scottish presence as Sir T M Devine points out was indirect and Scots were employed as Overseers, Surgeons and Accoutants in the Plantations of Trinidad and Jamaica. And when the Slave Compensation Data is analysed, Scottish claims are quite widespread. Given such a historical background we can do without the virtue signalling by journalists like William Dalrymple.
The book under review is a serious and well researched one. Roger Jeffery has put together a collection of essays that traverses in a lucid and elegant manner the two centuries of Scottish presence in India. Devine assimilates the presence of Scots in India to a "Diaspora" from Scotland. The term "Diaspora" is inaccurate as Scots migrated to places like India not out of compulsion but out of choice: to shake the pagoda tree and return with huge fortunes while their cousins tried to eke out a lving by investing in the Tobacco Trade with Virginia. The Scottish Administrators like Sir Thomas Munroe, Sir John Malcolmn, Robert Clive, and scores more returned to Scotland with a fortune of nearly 500,000 pounds and this money was extracted in India and transfered to Scotland only to be invested in urban properties, acqusition of Parliamentary seats and the like. George McGlivary, eschewing the charms of post colonial theory, follows the money trail and in his paper has shown that the fortunes made in India were transferred to Scotland through Agency Houses controlled by David Scott, William Fairlie, and the Barrings Bank had its roots in one such agency house. Another way by which Scots transferred their wealth from India to Scotland was to convert liquid cash into high value assets and we know that diamonds were carried back by returning Scots. Of course, many died in India, But William Dalrymple's Museum of Colonialism will gloss over such details because woke liberlism is only concerned with the optics and the rhetoric not the ugly reality.
On page 3, the chapter there is a strange remark that I would like to cntest. The authors claim that Edinburgh's reputation for heavy drug consumption in the nineteeth century is "unsourced". meaning that there is some ambiguity about the claim. Scotland gave the world the firm, Jardine and Matheson, the most notorious traffickers of narcotics in the nineteenth century and Opium sourced frm India was sent to China as payment for tea bought by the English against Silver. This triangular trade involving Sugar, Silver and Tea was financed by Opium and so obviously some of the Opium did reach a niche market in Scotland.
Some of the essays in this book deal with the vital issue: the large presence of Scots in the Administration of the East India Company in India. Almost all the Presidencies had Scottish Governors in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, before the ICS examination was introduced. In a study by John Mackenzie and T M Devine, Scotland and the British Empire, the authors on the basis of a study of 1267 Doctors wh were appointed to various posts in India between 1767 and 1815, 539 were Scots, nearly 43% of the total. A similar prosopographical study needs to be done fr the other appointments. Traditionally the argument given is that the English elite coopted the Scottish gentry by offering them lucrative posts in the company. The work of Holden Furber n Henry Dundas certainly substantiates this conclusion. And the gentry of course was not too unwilling a partner as it feared Jacobinism more than grieving over the loss of freedom. The University of Edinburgh played a major role in sending Administrators to India.
Some of the articles in this book particularly those by Frederike Voigt, Anne Buddle, and Henry Noltie deal with the acquisition of Indian Sculpture and botanical specimens from India. Scottish men working in India sent to Edinburgh a variety of Indian Art and the Scottish National Museum has a rich collection f Indian sculpture abstracted from India. The tranfrmation of religious icons into pieces of art, to be displayed in museums, was the direct result of imperial gaze and one wonders if Dalryple's Museum of Colonialism will still retain such stolen art. In the heyday of phrenlogy skulls became the objects through which Inteligence and Creativity were determined and Sir William Turner collected skulls from India, a Museum of Horrors to use Dalrymple's innane metaphor of museum, and his craniological researches were regared as some of the most accurate. Even Stephen Gould in his Mismeasure of Man refers to this "scientist".
Though I have been somewhat critical of the work, I must end by saying that almost all the papers published in this work are based on excellent research and the authors have generally avoided the banal decsent into Post Colonial theories and have not attempted to "provincialise Scotland".