Tearing Down the Aryan Invasion Myth
Dr Shiv Sastry
Bangalore Education Research Broadcasting
April 2021.
From the Eighteenth Century, 1784 to be precise when Sir William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal, one strand of interpretation has virtually dominated the discourse on early History of India. This line of interpretation denies the indigenous people of India Sovereignty over their land and delegitimizes efforts at reconstructing the past of India on its own terms. When William Jones postulated a common origin of Indian, particularly Sanskrit, and European languages such as Greek and Latin, he unleashed demons that are yet to be laid to rest. This is the alleged Aryan Invasion Theory or as now modified the Aryan Migration Theory or Hypothesis.
The book under review is an excellent introduction to the historical context in which the AIT (Aryan Invasion Theory) emerged and its ramifications over nearly two and a half centuries of debate and discussion. The recent findings from the Harappan site of Rakhighari in Haryana has clearly demonstrated that the Indian population does not have distinct European or Central Asian DNA. Genetic evidence from other important sites also support the view that the Indian population was not predominantly a population that either came as invaders or immigrants but were indigenous. It is unfortunate that even after DNA evidence has come into play, there is sustained effort to reinvigorate that AIT hypothesis.
There are two facets to the AIT: Language and Horse. The obsession with the origins of Sanskrit language and the ideological compulsion to situate the language in either Europe or Central Asia led to philologists and experts on folklore like the famous Grimm Brothers postulate the existence of "Indo European Languages" which explain the perceived similarity in the morphology of early languages spoken in Europe. The interesting implication of this theory is that it is not necessary to have an Indo European homeland to explain the perceived similarity in word forms across the early European landscape, Brother, Mother and Father from a common root Brthr, Matr and Pitr can just as easily be explained as originating in India and spreading outward. The constant compulsion to decry and deny the sovereignty of the indigenous people of India has been an enduring theme in the Historiography of India. The creation of a mythical Race of Aryan by Max Mueller was a direct outcome of the common Homeland theory. As a consequence white American "scholars" like Sheldon Pollock and others can saddle India with part of the responsibility for the Holocaust perpetrated by the Germans. The Aryan Invasion Theory found some traction in India in the early twentieth century when leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak ransacked the Rg Veda and its references to stars to argue an Artic Home for the Vedas. It is now clear that the Rg Veda was composed on the banks of the Indus and the exact locale may evade researchers due to changes in the landforms and geomorphology of the Indus floodplains. Now the question of Equs/ Horse.
Another charming vignette of the AIT is the horse riding warriors from Central Asia riding into India, defeating the native inhabitants and pushing them out of the lands they "occupied". This theory is another strong underpinning to the denial of the Sovereignty of the Indigenous people of India. And the theory has had devastating political consequences. The non existent Aryan is juxtaposed against the Dravidian which was identified with the indigenous population and the "Critical Caste Theory" comes in handy to equate existing social groups within this category. A flourishing political dynasty in Tamil Nadu thrives on this fake equation identifying Dravidian as a binary opposite of Aryan. Unfortunately, Indian historians like Romila Thapar and other Marxists still cling to this outdated and vicious theory in an uncritical manner. The discovery of the Horse drawn chariot in a Chalcolithic site, Sinauli, in Uttar Pradesh. And the fact that the horse was domesticated in India is also attested by the discovery of true horse bones in post Neolithic sites of the Deccan like Dholavira and Navddatoli. It is higly disappointing that Yashwini Chandra in her The Tale of the Horse: The History of India on Horseback repeats this discredited myth.
The author has covered a wide swathe of historical inquiry with almost professional precision. He rightly contests and rejects the notion that Avestan was a different language and the Mitanni Inscription found in Assyria which contains the list of Rg Vedic deities and the author rightly do not prove the Indo European origin theory.
This is a book that must be read and discussed by students of History as it is based on comprehensive research.
